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Barbara H. Settles
Professor, Department of Individual and Family Studies
Senior Policy Fellow, Center for Community Development and Family Policy
Office: 228 Alison Hall, Newark, DE 19716
Phone: (302) 831-2934; Email: settlesb@udel.edu
Education:
Ph.D. The Ohio State University
M.Sc. Home Economics. The Ohio State University, Merrill Palmer
Institute
B.Sc. Home Economics Education and Extension, Cum Laude. The Ohio State
University, 1959.
Courses developed & taught:
(Graduate)
IFST 850: Child and Family Theory
Research Methods
Teaching of Family Life
Trends and Issues in Individual and Family Studies.
(Undergraduate)
Foundations of Family Studies
Family Relationships
Emerging Life Styles
Human Sexuality
Women in International Development
Interests and activities:
Throughout my life as a scholar of the family I have found the
associations of students and professionals to be absolutely crucial to
my functioning and growth. I have a gift for bringing people together
for scholarly interchange, finding and stretching support for
activities, and thinking ahead for where the field is moving and needing
in service education for its members. A series of research grants
beginning in 1975 which developed new relationships with many colleagues
and students have lasted over the years. The underlying theme that runs
through these projects is the processes of decision making at critical
moments in the life course and the process of families' interaction with
the greater society. I have found it challenging to approach these
family processes from a theoretical, empirical and from a policy
perspective. These studies also include international perspectives that
have lead me to become more interested in the global family.
I am currently serving my second 4-year term as the President of the
Committee on Family research of the International Sociological
Association. I continue to have an interest in developing and sponsoring
students at all levels, Undergraduate, Graduate and Postgraduate. Some
of my efforts have been toward developing, publishing and presenting
Family Studies materials at multiple levels, including theoretical
papers, books, chapters in books, and giving workshops including one
(with a training manual in Spanish on decision making) for high school
teachers in Panama.The Global Future of Marriages and Families in the 21st Century:
21 世纪婚姻家庭之全球性未来：
Complex or Fragile Families?
它们会成为复杂或易碎家庭吗？
Barbara H. Settles, Ph. D. Professor
Assisted by Xuewen Sheng, M. Sc. Doctoral Candidate
Department of Individual and Family Studies
University of Delaware © 2004
芭芭拉 . 赛杜丝，博士，美国特拉华大学个人与家庭研究系教授
本讲助理：盛学文，个人与家庭研究系硕士、博士候选人
2
Today’s Topics: 今日话题:
Introduction. 导论
Trends of marriage & family in the 21st Century.
21 世纪婚姻家庭的趋势
Future directions of marriage and family globally.
全球性婚姻家庭发展方向
Social responses: Policies & programs.
社会反应: 政策与方案
Conclusion. 结论
3
I am a lucky person both in my family life & work:
我在家庭生活和工作上都是个幸运的人
Married to Andy for 42 years.
嫁给安迪42年
Have 2 sons & one Russian & one Brazilian daughter-laws.
两个儿子，一个俄国儿媳，
一个巴西儿媳
Degrees from Ohio State University.
获俄亥俄大学博士学位
Was a county extension worker in Ohio, taught at Otterbein College for 4 years and at University of Delaware for 35 years.
曾在俄亥俄州某县工作，在奥特宾学院
教了4年书，又在特拉华大学任教35年
Past president of both the Committee for Family Research, International Sociological Association, & The Groves Conference on Marriage & Families & Vice president for Policy of the National Council on Family Relations.
曾为国际社会学会家庭研究委员会主
席，格乌斯婚姻家庭会议主席，以及全
美家庭关系理事副主席
4
At University of Delaware I teach at the graduate & undergraduate level, do research & service & write.
我在特拉华大学教授大学及研究生课程、做研究、服务、及写作
My work is in: 我的工作包括:
Family theory. 家庭理论
Family life education. 家庭生活教育
Research in families’ outlook toward the future, caregiving, careers & intergenerational relationships.
研究家庭未来, 照料, 就业, 及代际关系
Programs of effective family life education and family policy.
影响家庭生活教育和家庭政策的方案
Mr. Sheng is a doctoral candidate in our program (from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) who has helped me with this talk.
来自中国社会科学院的盛先生是我们系的博士候选人，他帮我准备这份讲演
5
My talk is based on family theory, research & practice-based family life education.
我的讲演是以家庭理论，研究，
及应用家庭生活教育为基础的
Two major research programs were used:
它主要基于两个研究项目：
1986- 2000. Interactive Planning for Family Futures. Federal, State of Delaware & Hewlett Foundation.
家庭未来互动计划，联邦、
特拉华州及赫夫雷特基金会资助，
1986-2000
1992 - 1998. FACET: Families and Centers Empowered Together, State of Delaware, Federal grant.
家庭与中心携手共进，
特拉华州及联邦政府资助，1992-1998
6
Families are many faceted and do not have simple processes.
家庭由众多侧面构成，其过程亦非简单
Often we just look at individuals or dyads.
我们通常只注意到个人或夫妻
Or only the nuclear family.
或者只注意到核心家庭
Or just one side of the intergenerational connections.
或者只注意到代际关系的某个侧面
7
Marriages and families in the past:
婚姻家庭之过去
Western/European/USA families were seen as nuclear families in loose linkage to kinship networks.
亲属网络松弛的核心家庭多见于西方/欧洲/美国家庭
Complex families were seen as more characteristic elsewhere especially in Asia and Africa.
复杂家庭则是其它地区，
特别是亚洲和非洲家庭的特色
8
Utopian Ideals in America
美国的乌托邦理想
Retreat from urban life.
退出都市生活
Religious conservatism.
宗教保守主义
Sharing of resources.
资源分享
Farming & craft industries.
农业与手工业
Simplicity. 单纯
New sexual & family roles.
新的性与家庭角色
Pacifism. 反战主义
9
Historic experiments and survivals:
过去的试验及遗风
Oneida Community. 欧内达社区
The Hutterites. 哈特派信徒
The Shakers. 震颤派信徒
Old Order Amish. 守旧的门诺派
Mormons. 摩门教教徒
10
Survivals of alternative subcultures continue:
其它亚文化遗风的延续
Suburban and rural non-farm life styles.
郊区和农村的非农生活方式
Native Americans. 美洲土著
Regional life styles and subcultures.
区域性生活方式和亚文化
Outdoor cooking & long commuting trips to work are symbols of rural idealism.
野餐和长途往返 工作是乡村理想
主义的象征
11
Ideal Families and Reality:
理想及现实中的家庭
Tradition is re-structured to critique families of today.
重塑传统，批评当今家庭
Families are the first to seize new options as they arise.
家庭总是最先把握出现的新选择
Log cabin is the symbol of families being economically & socially mobile.
森林木屋是职业及社交流动
家庭的象征
12
Families in the USA are diverse in origin:
美国家庭来自四面八方
13.5 million foreign-born residents moved to the US in the 1990s.
1990年代，
1350万海外出生居民移居美国
Most (8.0 million) were in a legal status. (INS, 2003).
其中多数（800 万）为合法移民
13
Marriages are highly popular:
婚姻极为普遍
Americans like to be a part of a couple.
美国人喜欢结为夫妻
They marry often across the life course.
亦常常白头偕老
Median age 1st marriage was:
low in the 1950’s (m=23.2, w= 20.8) & higher now in 2000 to (m=26.8, w=25.1).
初婚年龄中位数：
1950年代较低
（男 = 23.2岁，女 20.8岁）
现在较高(2000年：男 = 26.8岁，
女 = 25.1岁)
14
Some groups are less likely to marry:
某些群体结婚少些
African Americans marry late & less frequently.
非裔美国人结婚晚而少
Cohabitation is more common & may or may not lead to marriage.
同居更加普遍，且未必导致婚姻
15
Some are likely to marry & have children earlier:
另一些群体却可能会早婚早育
Hispanic and Asian Americans
who are new immigrants.
如：拉丁裔和亚裔新移民
16
Some changing family forms in the 20th Century were:
Small family unit.
小家庭单位
Generational chains living separately.
分开居住的代际链
Mother-child dyad.
母子组合
20 世纪中的某些家庭模式变化
Divorced. 离异
Remarried families. 再婚家庭
Solo households. 独居户
Cohabitation. 同居
17
Divorce and remarriage have been of great interest in the 20th century:
20世纪中，离婚和再婚极受瞩目
For both adults and their children.
对成人及其子女的影响
Continues over a life course to constitute a risk for the married.
持续整个生命历程，对已婚者构成威胁
The break up of cohabiting couples is more frequent.
同居伴侣离异更加频繁
Remarriage has a high risk of divorce.
再婚者的离异风险大
18
Preference for blood kin even though there is choice:
喜爱血缘亲属，但亦有其他选择：
Adoption is “2nd best”.
收养是“第二最好”
Find ones “real” parents if adopted.
收养子女找到了“实际”爹娘
Have two parents involved
父母双方共同参与
Step-parent adoption is rare.
已经是继父母的人很少收养
Grandparents as foster parents.
看小孩的祖父母
19
Gay and lesbian families:
男女同性恋家庭
Coming out. 相伴
Custody of children. 子女监护
Foster care & adoption.
收养与照料
Marriage or civil union?
正式结婚或世俗结合？
20
What difference does it make if such family forms are normalized?
如果这些家庭模式正常化，
生活会发生那些变化
Benefits. 益处
Eligibility for inheritance.
合法继承权
Good social situations.
优良的社会环境
Jobs and promotion. 就业与升迁
Services and care. 服务与照料
21
Both continuity and change in marriage and family is normal:
婚姻家庭的延续与变化均属正常
Caregiving. 照料
Support. 供养
Life-course history. 生命历程史
Interdependence. 相互依存
Shared purpose. 目标一致
22
Divergence & convergence of change.
变化的同与异
Traditional values are redefined to meet challenges.
更新传统观念以迎接挑战
Behavior changes before explanations or attitudes.
行为变化先于解释和态度变化
Needs and resources shape responses in similar ways.
需求与资源使人们做出相似的反应
23
An example might be found in long term caregiving:
长期看护也许是个例子：
Elderly caring for the frail elderly.
看护体弱多病的老年人
Need for respite & severe care institutions.
对假期和看护机构需求
Role of families & friends in care.
家庭和亲友的作用
Most elderly are cared by family.
大多数老人由家庭照料
Caregiver’s own health is crucial.
看护者自身健康极为重要
24
Global processes:
Emerging new technical knowledge.
全球性过程：新兴科技
Communication.
E-government.
Digital divide.
通讯：电子政府，数字分界
Medical advances.
Genetic intervention.
Hi tech treatments.
医疗进步：基因介入，高科技治疗
Productivity.
Agricultural crops.
New materials & methods.
生产：农作物，新材料和方法
Families have different access to technology.
家庭获取技术的渠道 各不相同
25
Global processes: Social transformations among groups
全球性过程：不同群体的社会变迁
Lost roots & history.
失去根和历史
Adaptations to new situations.
适应新环境
New opportunities. 新机遇
Intergroup conflict affects families.
群体间冲突影响家庭
Generational gaps occur.
出现代沟
26
Global processes: Economic development impacts
全球性过程：经济发展的影响
Is both local & global.
地方性与全球性
Balances conservation & exploitation of resources.
保护与开发资源间的平衡
Is not easily regulated.
难以规范
Family needs for steady, sufficient income & benefits.
家庭需要稳定、充足的收益
Easier to do big projects than small targeted ones.
小事比大事难干
27
Global processes: Cultural accommodation & innovation.
全球性过程：文化适应与更新
Selecting technologies & using them in social context.
选择科技，用于社会
Integrating ideas with traditions.
整合新观念与旧传统
Inventing new applications.
发明新用途
28
Global processes change our social lives in four domains:
全球性过程从四个领域影响我们
的社会生活
Personal 个人
Family 家庭
Work 工作
Community 社区
29
Every domain interacts:
每个领域都
with the other domains.
与其他领域相互影响
has direct or indirect impact on the future direction of marriages & families.
对未来婚姻家庭的发展方向有直接或
间接的影响
30
1st, Trends Affecting the Personal Domain
第一，影响个人领域的社会趋势
Expansion of personhood.
人生的延长
Longer life expectancy & better health.
更长寿，更健康
More personal choices & decisions.
更多的个人选择和决策
31
Expansion of personhood:
人生的延长
Voting & Citizenship. 选举与公民权利
Legal status. 法定身份
Opportunity for: 机会：
Education 受教育
Mobility 职业或社会流动
Access to good jobs 遇到好工作
32
Longer life expectancy & better health:
更健康，更长寿
More families have futures to plan.
更多家庭要计划未来
Many changes across the life course.
生命历程会有许多变化
Much longer retirement & caregiving.
更长的退休和照料生活
33
Individual choices & responsibility:
个人的选择与责任
Friendship. 友谊
Marriage. 婚姻
Children. 孩子
Family. 家庭
Work. 工作
Planning and saving.
计划与储蓄
34
Individualism has become more usual & accepted, but it means:
个人主义变得更加寻常易循，
但它也意味着：
more personal responsibility for the consequences of ones actions.
人们对自己行为的后果更加负责
35
2nd, Trends Affecting the Family Domain:
第二，影响家庭领域的社会趋势
Broadening the concepts of family and marriage.
家庭婚姻概念的扩展
Reduced fertility expectations and number of children overall.
生育意愿及子女总数的降低
Making and breaking family and personal ties.
建立和中断家庭及个人的联结
Providing resources and resiliency.
提供资源和慰籍
36
Broadening the concepts of family & marriage:
婚姻家庭概念的扩展
Legally. 法律上
Personally. 个体上
Socially. 社会上
Evolving. 演变
Including more types of relationships.
包含了更多种形式的人际关系
“Love Talks”, a community & family based program.
“爱的对话”是一个以社区和家
庭为基础的项目
37
Reduced fertility expectations and number of children overall.
生育意愿及子女总数的降低
U. S. family size has stabilized, with close to 2 children the norm.
美国家庭规模一直稳定在接近两个孩子的水平
In other developed countries the ideal family is close to 1 child.
其他发达国家的理想子女接近一个孩子
Playground in Turkey where smaller families are now popular.
土耳其的儿童乐园
这里现在普遍是小家庭
38
Most couples want a child:
大多数夫妻想要一个孩子
Adoption. 收养
Foster care. 监护
Use of fertility treatments.
生育疗法的使用
International adoption is more common.
跨国收养更为普遍
39
Make and break family and personal ties often:
建立和中断家庭及个人的联结常见于：
Divorce. 离婚
Remarriage.再婚
Adoption. 收养
Fostering. 监护
Mobility. 流动
Informal family relationships.
非正式家庭关系
Two sisters live in different countries meet in a third country.
居住在不同国度的两姐妹
相会于第三国
40
Provide resources and resiliency across the life course:
提供资源和慰籍
To manage the shortfalls in other institutions.
弥补其他机构的不足
Medical. 就医
Educational. 受教育
Economic, etc. 经济，等等
Elderly couple take care of themselves & her mother & keep up with their children & grandchildren located in 2 countries.
这对夫妇要照顾自己、女方的母亲、
还要与居住在另外两个国家中的
子女和孙子女保持同步
41
Families look different across the life course:
在生命历程中，家庭变化多端
Expanding & contracting.
扩大与缩小
Linking up across physical & social distance.
跨越物理和社会距离的连结
Facing complexity & new relationships.
面对复杂性与新关系
42
Families need to understand the long term emotions in marriages and families:
家庭成员需要理解婚姻家庭的长期感情
Continuity. 延续
Memories. 记忆
Care. 照顾
Love. 爱情
Security. 安全
Anger & Hurt. 愤怒与痛苦
Laughter. 欢笑
Tolerance. 忍让
43
They need to recognize change as normal and families as a dynamic unit:
他们要承认家庭是个动态的单位，
变化是正常的
Providing options and alternatives.
提供选择和选择余地
Expanding choices.
扩大选择机会
Recognizing opportunities.
认识机遇
44
Families are more important than ever.
家庭比以前更重要
Decisions made at every stage of life influence later choices and opportunities.
每个生活阶段作出的决策都会影响以
后选择和机遇
45
3rd, Trends Affecting the Work Domain: 第三、影响工作领域的社会趋势
More work place participation.
更多人就业
Longer hours and lower real wages.
更长的工作时数，更低的实际工资
New occupations and opportunities.
新行业，新机遇
Work place changes. 变换工作地点
46
More hours/lower wages:
更长的工作时数，更低的实际工资
More work place participation by all family members.
全家人都干更多的工作
Longer hours & lower real wages compete for family time, child and elder care, limit savings & resources.
更长的工作时数和更低的实际工资
与家庭争时间，
争照料老幼的人力，限制储蓄和资源
47
New occupations and opportunities:
新行业，新机遇
Fewer farmers, more technical and service work.
愈来愈少的农业工人，愈来愈多的科
技和服务人员
Fewer manufacturing jobs in developed nations.
发达国家中，制造业的工作愈来愈少
Communications, linguistics, customizing products.
通讯、语言、定制产品业的工作机会
48
Work place changes:
Outsourcing and off-shoring
变换工作地点：海外发展与投资
Globalization of:
Economies.
Skills.
Media.
经济、技术、及媒介的全球化
Barriers to families:
家庭的障碍物：
National borders. 国界
Special visas. 特定签证
Anti-union laws. 反工会法
Graduate student & her daughter with new U. S. colleagues.
我的研究生及其女儿与
美国新同事在一起
49
Uncertainty about work & income is:
工作与收入的不确定性：
Reason for mobility.
职业流动的原因
Reason for advanced & continuing education.
深造和成人教育的原因
Less loyalty to workplaces.
失去对职场的忠心
50
Changes: Balancing roles
变化：角色平衡
Most women agree that men are not shifting to more egalitarian roles quickly.
大多数妇女认为男人不能迅速地变换到
较平等的角色地位
Social class and taste confuse choices in domestic standards and how we approach housework.
社会等级与生活情趣混淆了人们对家务
水准和如何做家务的选择
51
4th, Trends Affecting the Community Domain:
第四、影响社区领域的社会趋势
Public health, education, environmental quality, public safety, communication.
公共卫生、教育事业、环境质量、公共安全、通讯设施
Economy, neighborhood & larger communities.
经济、邻里及较大社区
Networks & friendships.
社会网络与友谊
Virtual communities & family ties.
虚拟社区与家庭纽带
52
Community infrastructure:
社区的基础设施：
Public health. 公共卫生
Education. 教育事业
Environmental quality. 环境质量
Public safety. 公共安全
Communication. 通讯设施
53
Prevention & public health need more attention:
Dentistry is now almost all prevention in USA.
牙齿防护现在美国极为普及
Originally high cost repairs were common.
高消费的修整多见于过去
需更加注意预防疾病和公共卫生
Major health problems relate to life style & prevention.
多数健康问题与生活方式和预防有关
Regulation is limited in health products.
健康产品的规范有限
Vaccines are not used as often as they could be helpful.
疫苗的益处并未被充分利用
54
Education is always in crisis:
教育总是处于危机中
Accountability versus programming.
责任制与教程
Maintaining disabilities accommodations.
保留用于残疾人的教学设施
Abstinence-based sex education.
以节制为基础的性教育
Reduced reproductive health information.
简化的健康生育信息
Costs of higher education.
高等教育费用
Sex education is often controversial.
性教育往往自相矛盾